Toys And What They Signify - 994 Words

Toys and what they signify, which is the free expression of play among children, should be as open and diverse as possible.† (Dubois 2015) Specifically looking at girl stereotypes, toys targeted towards them are packaged in pink, purple and other bright colors of the rainbow. The most popular toys in this demographic are brands like Bratz, Barbie, or Disney Princesses. These dolls can push boundaries on how suggestive their marketing can get. Bratz dolls are usually dressed in skimpy clothing and adorn heavy makeup. Midge and Baby is a controversial Barbie that was pregnant with a baby to promote the idea of family planning. Yet at the same time, they deny that toys are instrumental in the formation of gender differences, claiming that their intentions are to â€Å"maximize sales and profits, not to rear children† (Cross 1997, p. 231). Inevitably, these overtly sexualized toys influence the girls at an impressionable age. Some brands have created lines dedicated specifically to reach a girl demographic. Lego, and Nerf are among the most popular. Lego Friends was a marketing ploy by the company, while they say their toys are unisex, to widen their young girl demographic. It featured a pink and purple Lego set that gave the child the option to be a beautician or a baker. People didn’t like that it didn’t include professions like a doctor or scientist, further pushing the stereotype that girls only care about their appearance. generally all toy makers have â€Å"pink-washed† as manyShow MoreRelatedHow Gender Inequality Is Defined As The Unequal Treatment Of Individuals On The Ground Of Gender890 Words   |  4 Pagesnorms that are expressing a gender role that what type of behavior is acceptable for boys and girls in the society. As, boys are expected to act with those toys that assist them in decision making roles, whereas girls usually play with those toys that teach them an expre ssive role like caring and nourishing. Gender role creates the masculinity and femininity identity that describe the masculine and feminine behavior for men and women in society. â€Å"Toys R Us†: For this observational data research,Read MoreYou May Ask Yourself, By Sociologist Dalton Conley955 Words   |  4 Pagestaught what their gender role is suppose to do. The beginning of gender socialization can start with a child who is not born yet by simply having the parents purchase items that are all pink if its expected to be a girl, but if its expected to be a boy then everything they purchase will be blue. Conley states that gender roles are â€Å"sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany ones’ status as male or female† (Conley [2008] 2013:134). So even when a child is growing into their infant years, toys areRead MoreShould There Be Gender Specific Toy Aisles Lining The Rows?992 Words   |  4 PagesShould there be gender specific toy aisles lining the rows in stores? How much does this reassure the sociological idea of gender itself? Does putting restrictions on kids’ toy decisions effect them in a negative way? Research has shown that it is natu ral for kids to want to experiment with different toys and identities. Pushing kids into a box of what they can, or cannot play limits their true potential and imagination. Growing up, people can attest to the memory of them having gone to McDonald’sRead MoreWalmart And Its Effects On Children1149 Words   |  5 PagesHave you ever wonder how toys were characterized in department stores? When you think of a toy store, you think about Toys â€Å"R† Us, Books-A-Million, Full Moon Games or Five and Below. I never went to a store to figure out the true meaning on what toys truly belongs to a gender. Toys generally became gendered when they’re broadcasted on television. For this particular project, I choose to go to Walmart. Walmart has a variety of everything.Walmart has four aisles with just toys. In class we had a discussionRead MoreChild Rearing Practices Within The Society948 Words   |  4 Pageshomogeneous societies. Primarily, she placed her focus on child rearing practices within these different cultures. Homogeneous cultures believe that individual integrity goes hand in hand with structure. However, unlike heterogeneous cult ures, they also signify authentic individual freedom. The key social problem addressed by Lee, is that the negligence of personal autonomy, results from an undeveloped community, failing the necessities of structure and freedom. She discussed the importance of respect, valueRead MoreThe Use of Symbolism to Foreshadow the Future in Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour and Toni Cade Bambaras The Lesson1673 Words   |  7 Pagesher husband who was killed in a railroad accident. In The Lesson Bambara uses a toy sailboat to foreshadow both positive and negative futures of a little girl named Sylvia. Chopins story begins with a woman who has locked herself up in her room who stares endlessly out her window after getting word of her husbands death. As the woman is looking out of her window she begins to think about her new life and what is in store for her now that she is widowed. An important note about this story isRead MoreMy Field Research Project : R, Us, Inc. Essay1533 Words   |  7 PagesFor my field research project, I went to Toys â€Å"R† Us located next to La Fitness on La Cienega. The purpose of Toysâ€Å"R†Us, Inc. is to make its customers happy, which are mostly kids. As soon as I walked in, I noticed the check out to my left side along with many colorful aisles facing in front of me. The store walls are painted bright orange with a white ceiling. In my opinion the orange color signifies gender neutral. There were two cashiers, one male ask one female. I noticed that the female cashierRead MoreCommunication of Window Displays Essay1396 Words   |  6 Pagesone observes the conspicuous hairstyles of the mannequins one remembers the women of yesteryears, with their large bouffant. The entendre of having their bouffant shaped as inverted commas subconsciously attracts the consumers, because the commas signify importance, whatever comes between them is considered significant. The consumers are thusly left with a sense of wonder and attraction when faced with the subtleties of the display. As Poters (2007) â€Å"the best props may not seem relevant to the clothesRead MoreThe Lesson By Toni Cade Bambara1552 Words   |  7 Pagesa very well written fragment of the past. This is a story from New York’s inner city of Harlem where children did not have substantial education much less the money to obtain it. Not only is this story about a poor girl out of place in an expensive toy store, it is also a social commentary that teaches readers an amazing life lesson. The character Miss Moore introduces the facts of social inequality to an absentminded group of city kids. A number of experiences can change a person and their outlookRead MoreHow Does Media Affect The Youth Of Today?800 Words   |  4 PagesAnna Sunio Year level: 11 Date: 14 November 2014 Teacher: Miss Spermon Analysing Perfume Advertisements Imagine what will happen to the world without media and advertisements. Can we even try to limit how advertising floods our lives? Can our minds develop an intellectual way of thinking and behaving under a restricted amount of media? In the society that we live

Corporations Law Moot Attacking Side

Question: Discuss about the Corporations Law for Moot Attacking Side. Answer: Introduction: Whether there has been a breach of constitution by the company by borrowing funds from an overseas financial institution? Whether there has been a proper amending of the constitution to be able to go ahead with the business of casino and borrowing of funds from overseas financial institutions? Whether there has been an oppressive conduct towards Hilary in the given situation. Relevant Law The replaceable rules and the constitution forms contract terms between the parties mentioned below (Woodward Bird, 2005) as mentioned in section 140 of the Constitution Act 2001 ("CORPORATIONS ACT 2001 - SECT 140Effect of constitution and replaceable rules", 2016): Between each member and the company Between the directors and secretaries and the company; and Between each member with the other member. In the case of Hickman v. Kent or Romney Marsh Sheep-Breeders Association (1915), the facts were such that it was provided by the internal rules of the association that any dispute that would be there between the member and the company would be required to be solved by the way of arbitration (Hickman v. Kent or Romney Marsh Sheep-Breeders Association, 1915). The dispute was taken to court by Hickman. The court opined the it was forced for Hickman to be complying with the rules of internal governance as the contract was binding between Hickman as the member and the association. The members can enforce in their capacity. In the case of Rayfields v Hands the directors were required under the Articles to buy at a fair value the shares of the members (Rayfields v. Hands, 1960). It was opined by the court that this could be enforced by the members against the directors who were also a class of members. The qualification shares had to be taken by the Director. In the case of McLaughlin v Dungowan Manly Pty Ltd. if a breach could be showed by the member that the breach of the constitution had caused a loss to be suffered and which was not a loss that the company had suffered, it was then possible that damages can be received (McLaughlin v Dungowan Manly Pty Ltd., 2010). An amendment in the resolution can be brought through special resolution. There may be modification or repealing of the companys constitution by a shareholders special resolution. A special resolution is a resolution when the same is passed by a majority which is not less than 3/4th of the members who are entitled to vote and who are voting in person or in the case where there are proxies which are allowed then through proxies ("Companies Act 1961 - SECT 144Special resolutions", 2016). Further there is also a notice that is required of twenty one day which is to be given which states specifically the intention to propose that the resolution is a special resolution. Thus a special resolution would require atleast 75% of the votes. A dispute will always be there between the companies member and between the management and the members. The minor shareholders in major conflict, especially in closely held, small, private companies where shares are in the hands of few people are vulnerable before the majority. The majority shareholders are able to look at their own benefits. The boards composition can be dictated by it and indirectly the policy of management. If numerous enough, resolutions can be passed by them thereby changing the companys constitution. The matters of oppression are generally very controversial in nature, especially in companies that are closely held. The realities in a company is that the majority decisions are the on which are prevailing usually and the decision making is usually in the hands of the majority of the company. It is not necessary that every complaint which is made should unduly preoccupy the management and inhibit the companys objects proper pursuit (Re Anti-Corrosive Treatment Ltd , 1980). In the case of Foss v Harbottle (Foss v Harbottle, 1843) the concept of majority ratification that is concept which is rough and ready and deals with acts of the management that are wrongful. Challenging of managerial wrongs is often very difficult and obtaining justice in such cases may be difficult. In the case of the philatelist who was 88 years old and who was holding the voting control and who was ignoring the companys procedures finer points, was on the board contemptuous, having told the prospective employees that one of the sons/directors was not right in the head and overrode his two sons persistently who were the majority shareholder beneficiaries. The Corporations Act 2001, Sections 232 and 234 allow that oppression applications be made by the shareholders or shareholders who are formerly part of the company or even people who ASIC has determined will be entitled for doing the same. If there is an application which has been made then the courts would be required to find out that the companies conduct of affairs is oppressive due to the reason that it is contrary to the shareholders interest either as a whole or prejudicial, oppressive or discriminatory unfairly against either a shareholders group or a particular shareholder. The companys affairs terms are defined are very wide and refers basically to anything which the management is involved in and the companys operation and its affairs. The oppression would basically involve the diversion of the opportunities of the corporate, remuneration that is excessive, share issues manipulation, boardroom tactics, withholding of information or company funds misappropriation. Application A constitution and internal rule is a contract between the members and the company. There has been a breach of the constitution and internal rules which provided the company to deal with residential apartments in Sydney, Melbourne or other capital cities for sale. Further it also mentioned that borrowings could only be done with the Australian Financial Institutions. As held in the Hickman case if it is mentioned that borrowings can be done only through Australian Financial institution it would be a breach if the same is not complied with. Thus by borrowing funds from Overseas Financial Institution there has been a breach of the internal rules and the constitution of the company. This further led to there being a breach in the contract that formed under section 140 of the Constitution Act 2001, wherein the contracts formed through the companys constitution. The Directors shall be held responsible for the same as in the Rayfields case. Further if a member can show that the damage that has been caused is a damage which is other than that which has been caused to the company than there may be damages that can be received. The members will be able to enforce in their capacity the internal rules and constitution. Further, in the given situation if there was a requirement for borrowing from an overseas funding company and also entering into the business of casino where the same has not been mentioned in the constitution of the company and it specifically states that the company will be involved only with residential apartments it would be required that the constitution of the company should be amended by at least 75% of the votes. However, here only Bernie and Little Marco have gone ahead with the activities which are not in line with the constitution of the company thus being in breach of the same. It can be stated that the acts of the directors to go ahead with the business of casino in Las Vegas without considering the nuances of the constitution of the company and the fact that Hilary in a weaker position as compared to Donald thereby he got the majority support there is a likely situation of minority oppression wherein the views of Hilary are her benefit in the company are not considered. There has been an act of misconduct and oppression by the remaining directors as they have gone ahead with the casino business and obtaining funds from the overseas financial institution without informing Hilary giving the excuse that they did not want a heated conversation. This has lead to the misappropriation and loss of funds of the corporation. Conclusion There has been a breach of the internal rules and constitution by the Directors when the funds were borrowed from overseas financial institution, since the constitution and internal rules clearly state that it is only through Australian financial institutions that the funds are to be borrowed. There was no special resolution that the company had passed for going ahead with an activity that was against the constitution and internal rules of the company, as under the Corporations Act is requires that there should be at least 75% which not availed before going ahead with the business strategy. Further, there has also been an act of oppression against Hilary, as the business of casino and borrowing of funds was done without making it known to her despite knowing that she was not in the favor of such a business. Also this business led to there being a misappropriation of funds. It can be stated conclusively that the legal position of the Director is weak for breaching the constitution and the internal rules of the corporation and there will be an action that will lie against the directors for the said breach (Ciro Symes, 2012). Further also there has been a breach on the part of the Directors for not availing the requisite resolution for the amendment of the constitution. Also an act of oppression has been made against Hilary by the remaining directors. References Ciro, T. Symes, C. (2012).Corporations law. Pyrmont, N.S.W.: Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Limited. Corporations act 2001 - SECT 140Effect of constitution and replaceable rules. (2016). Austlii.edu.au. Retrieved 7 September 2016, from https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/s140.html Companies Act 1961 - SECT 144Special resolutions. (2016). Austlii.edu.au. Retrieved 7 September 2016, from https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/repealed_act/ca1961107/s144.html Foss v Harbottle, 67 ER 189 (1843). Hickman v. Kent or Romney Marsh Sheep-Breeders Association, 1 Ch 881 (1915). McLaughlin v Dungowan Manly Pty Ltd. (2010). Rayfields v Hands, Ch 1 (1960). Re Anti-Corrosive Treatment Ltd, ACLC 34,165 (1980). Woodward, S. Bird, H. (2005).Corporations law. Pyrmont, NSW: Lawbook Co.

Should Students Wear School Uniforms free essay sample

Fourth period Do you think students should be required to wear a school uniform yes or no? I say no for three reasons alongside others. The number one reason I say no is that a uniform would be too expensive. The second reason is that a uniform is very hard to keep up with. The last reason is that most school uniforms are tacky. I do not think students should be required to wear school uniforms because the uniform would be hard to pay for. Some parents probably cannot afford the uniform. So if the parents didn’t buy them the school would have to. The school could buy something more important like new equipment. Some parents would be in the same case because they need the money. The second reason I say no is that uniforms are hard to keep up with. I say this because the parents would be the ones keeping up with it. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Students Wear School Uniforms or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So if the parents aren’t looking after the uniform the student would lose it. Then there would be a lot of students punished because they didn’t wear their uniform. The last reason I say no is because most school uniforms are tacky. Most students wouldn’t wear the uniform because it is ugly. Some would get in trouble for modifying the uniform. Other students would just not wear the uniform and take the punishment. Okay I began my essay by giving you three reasons why students should not be required to wear school uniforms. First was that uniforms would be very expensive. Next I said that a uniform would be hard to keep up with. Last was that the uniform would be ugly. Now I conclude my essay.

Operation Catapult at Mers El Kebir (World War II)

Operation Catapult at Mers El Kebir (World War II) The attack on the French fleet at Mers el Kebir took place on July 3, 1940, during World War II (1939-1945). Events Leading up to the Attack During the closing days of the Battle of France in 1940, and with the German victory all but assured, the British became increasingly worried about the disposition of the French fleet. The fourth largest navy in the world, the ships of the Marine Nationale possessed the potential to alter the naval war and threaten Britains supply lines across the Atlantic. Voicing these concerns to the French government, Prime Minister Winston Churchill was assured by Navy Minister Admiral Franà §ois Darlan that even in defeat, the fleet would be kept from the Germans. Unknown to either side was that Hitler had little interest in taking over the Marine Nationale, only ensuring that its ships were neutralized or interned â€Å"under German or Italian supervision.† This latter phrase was included in Article 8 of the Franco-German armistice. Misinterpreting the language of the document, the British believed that the Germans intended to take control of the French fleet. Based on this and a distrust of Hitler, the British War Cabinet decided on June 24 that any assurances provided under Article 8 should be disregarded. Fleets and Commanders During the Attack British Admiral Sir James Somerville2 battleships, 1 battlecruiser, 2 light cruisers, 1 aircraft carrier, 11 destroyers French Admiral Marcel-Bruno Gensoul2 battleships, 2 battlecruisers, 6 destroyers, 1 seaplane tender Operation Catapult At this point in time, the ships of the Marine Nationale were scattered in various ports. Two battleships, four cruisers, eight destroyers, and numerous smaller vessels were in Britain, while one battleship, four cruisers, and three destroyers were in port at Alexandria, Egypt. The largest concentration was anchored at Mers el Kebir and Oran, Algeria. This force, led by Admiral Marcel-Bruno Gensoul, consisted of the older battleships Bretagne and Provence, the new battlecruisers Dunkerque and Strasbourg, the seaplane tender Commandant Teste, as well as six destroyers. Moving forward with plans to neutralize the French fleet, the Royal Navy began Operation Catapult. This saw the boarding and capture of French ships in British ports on the night of July 3. While the French crews generally did not resist, three were killed on the submarine Surcouf. The bulk of the ships went on to serve with Free French forces later in the war. Of the French crews, the men were given the option to join the Free French or be repatriated across the Channel. With these ships seized, ultimatums were issued to the squadrons at Mers el Kebir and Alexandria. Ultimatum at Mers el Kebir To deal with Gensouls squadron, Churchill dispatched Force H from Gibraltar under the command of Admiral Sir James Somerville. He was instructed issue an ultimatum to Gensoul requesting that the French squadron do one of the following: Join the Royal Navy in continuing the war with GermanySail to a British port with reduced crews to be interned for the durationSail to the West Indies or the United States and remain there for the rest of the warScuttle their ships within six hoursIf Gensoul refused all four options, Somerville was instructed to destroy the French ships to prevent their capture by the Germans. A reluctant participant who did not wish to attack an ally, Somerville approached Mers el Kebir with a force consisting of the battlecruiser HMS Hood, the battleships HMS Valiant and HMS Resolution, the carrier HMS Ark Royal, two light cruisers, and 11 destroyers. On July 3, Somerville sent Captain Cedric Holland of Ark Royal, who spoke fluent French, into Mers el Kebir aboard the destroyer HMS Foxhound to present the terms to Gensoul. Holland was coldly received as Gensoul expected negotiations to be conducted by an officer of equal rank. As result, he sent his flag lieutenant, Bernard Dufay, to meet with Holland. Under orders to present the ultimatum directly to Gensoul, Holland was refused access and ordered to leave the harbor. Boarding a whaleboat for Foxhound, he made a successful dash to the French flagship, Dunkerque, and after additional delays were finally able to meet with the French admiral. Negotiations continued for two hours during which Gensoul ordered his ships to prepare for action. Tensions were further heightened as Ark Royals aircraft began dropping magnetic mines across the harbor channel as talks progressed. A Failure of Communication During the course of the talks, Gensoul shared his orders from Darlan which permitted him to scuttle the fleet or sail for America if a foreign power attempted to claim his ships. In a massive failure of communication, the full text of Somervilles ultimatum was not relayed to Darlan, including the option of sailing for the United States. As talks began to stalemate, Churchill was becoming increasingly impatient in London. Concerned that the French were stalling to allow reinforcements to arrive, he ordered Somerville to settle the matter at once. An Unfortunate Attack Responding to Churchills orders, Somerville radioed Gensoul at 5:26 PM that if one of the British proposals was not accepted within fifteen minutes he would attack. With this message Holland departed. Unwilling to negotiate under threat of enemy fire, Gensoul did not respond. Approaching the harbor, the ships of Force H opened fire at an extreme range approximately thirty minutes later. Despite the approximate similarity between the two forces, the French were not fully prepared for battle and anchored in a narrow harbor. The heavy British guns quickly found their targets with Dunkerque put out of action within four minutes. Bretagne was struck in a magazine and exploded, killing 977 of its crew. When the firing stopped, Bretagne had sunk, while Dunkerque, Provence, and the destroyer Mogador  were damaged and run aground. Only Strasbourg and a few destroyers succeeded in escaping the harbor. Fleeing at flank speed, they were ineffectively attacked by Ark Royals aircraft and briefly pursued by Force H. The French ships were able to reach Toulon the next day. Concerned that the damage to Dunkerque and Provence was minor, British aircraft attacked Mers el Kebir on July 6. In the raid, the patrol boat Terre-Neuve exploded near Dunkerque causing additional damage. Aftermath of Mers el Kebir To the east, Admiral Sir Andrew Cunningham was able to avoid a similar situation with the French ships at Alexandria. In hours of tense talks with Admiral Renà ©-Emile Godfroy, he was able to convince the French to allow their ships to be interned. In the fighting at Mers el Kebir, the French lost 1,297 killed and around 250 wounded, while the British incurred two killed. The attack badly strained Franco-British relations as did an attack on the battleship Richelieu at Dakar later that month. Though Somerville stated we all feel thoroughly ashamed, the attack was a signal to the international community that Britain intended to fight on alone. This was reinforced by its stand during the Battle of Britain later that summer. Dunkerque, Provence, and Mogador received temporary repairs and later sailed for Toulon. The threat of the French fleet ceased to be an issue when its officers scuttled its ships in 1942 to prevent their use by the Germans. Selected Sources HistoryNet: Operation CatapultHMS Hood.org: Operation Catapult

Learn About the Crimean War

Learn About the Crimean War The Crimean War is perhaps remembered mostly for the â€Å"Charge of the Light Brigade,† a poem written about a disastrous episode when British cavalry valiantly attacked the wrong objective in a battle. The war was also significant for the pioneering nursing of Florence Nightingale, the reporting of a man considered the first war correspondent, and the first use of photography in a war. The war itself, however, arose from muddled circumstances. The conflict between superpowers of the day was fought between allies Britain and France against Russia and its Turkish ally. The result of the war did not make enormous changes in Europe. Although rooted in longstanding rivalries, the Crimean War erupted over what was obviously a pretext involving religion of populations in the Holy Land. It was almost as if the large powers in Europe wanted a war at that time to keep each other in check, and they found an excuse to have it. Causes of the Crimean War In the early decades of the 19th century, Russia had grown into a mighty military power. By 1850 Russia appeared to be intent on spreading its influence southward. Britain was concerned that Russia would expand to the point where it held power over the Mediterranean. The French emperor Napoleon III, in the early 1850s, had forced the Ottoman Empire to recognize France as a sovereign authority in the Holy Land. The Russian tsar objected and began his own diplomatic maneuvering. The Russians claimed to be protecting the religious freedom of Christians in Holy Land. War Declared By Britain and France Somehow the obscure diplomatic wrangling led to open hostilities, and Britain and France declared war against Russia on March 28, 1854. The Russians appeared willing, at first, to avoid war. But demands put forth by Britain and France were not met, and a larger conflict seemed unavoidable. The Invasion of the Crimea In September 1854 the allies struck the the Crimea, a peninsula in the present day Ukraine. The Russians had a large naval base at Sevastopol, on the Black Sea, which was the ultimate target of the invasion force. The British and French troops, after landing at Calamita Bay, began marching southward toward Sevastopol, which was approximately 30 miles away. The allied armies, with about 60,000 troops, encountered a Russian force at the River Alma and a battle ensued. The British commander, Lord Raglan, who had not been in combat since losing an arm at Waterloo nearly 30 years earlier, had considerable trouble coordinating his attacks with his French allies. Despite these problems, which would become common throughout the war, the British and French routed the Russian army, which fled. The Russians regrouped at Sevastopol. The British, bypassing that major base, attacked the town of Balaclava, which had a harbor that could be used as a supply base. Ammunition and siege weapons began to be unloaded, and the allies prepared for an eventual attack on Sevastopol. The British and French began an artillery bombardment of Sevastopol on October 17, 1854. The time-honored tactic did not seem to have much effect. On October 25, 1854, the Russian commander, Prince Aleksandr Menshikov, ordered an attack on the allied lines. The Russians attacked a weak position and stood a good chance of reaching the town of Balaclava until they were repulsed heroically by Scottish Highlanders. Charge of the Light Brigade As the Russians were fighting the Highlanders, another Russian unit began removing British guns from an abandoned position. Lord Raglan ordered his light cavalry to prevent that action, but his orders got confused and the legendary Charge of the Light Brigade was launched against the wrong Russian position. The 650 men of the regiment raced into certain death, and at least 100 men were killed in the first minutes of the charge. The battle ended with the British having lost a lot of ground, but with the standoff still in place. Ten days later the Russians attacked again. In what was known as the Battle of the Inkermann, the armies fought in very wet and foggy weather. That day ended with high casualties on the Russian side, but again the fighting was indecisive. The Siege Continued As the winter weather approached and conditions deteriorated, the fighting came to a virtual halt with the siege of Sevastopol still in place. During the winter of 1854-55 the war became an ordeal of disease and malnutrition. Thousands of troops died of exposure and contagious illnesses spread through the camps. Four times as many troops died of illness than combat wounds. In late 1854 Florence Nightingale arrived in Constantinople and began treating British troops in hospitals. She was shocked by the appalling conditions she encountered. The armies stayed in trenches throughout the spring of 1855, and assaults on Sevastopol were finally planned for June 1855. Attacks on fortresses protecting the city were launched and repulsed on June 15, 1855, thanks largely to incompetence by the British and French attackers. The British commander, Lord Raglan, had taken ill and died on June 28, 1855. Another attack on Sevastopol was launched in September 1855, and the city finally fell to the British and French. At that point the Crimean War was essentially over, though some scattered fighting went on until February 1856. Peace was finally declared in late March 1856. Consequences of the Crimean War While the British and French did eventually capture their objective, the war itself could not be considered a great success. It was marked by incompetence and what was widely perceived as needless loss of life. The Crimean War did check the Russian expansionist tendencies. But Russia itself was not really defeated, as the Russian homeland was not attacked.

Learn About the Crimean War

Learn About the Crimean War The Crimean War is perhaps remembered mostly for the â€Å"Charge of the Light Brigade,† a poem written about a disastrous episode when British cavalry valiantly attacked the wrong objective in a battle. The war was also significant for the pioneering nursing of Florence Nightingale, the reporting of a man considered the first war correspondent, and the first use of photography in a war. The war itself, however, arose from muddled circumstances. The conflict between superpowers of the day was fought between allies Britain and France against Russia and its Turkish ally. The result of the war did not make enormous changes in Europe. Although rooted in longstanding rivalries, the Crimean War erupted over what was obviously a pretext involving religion of populations in the Holy Land. It was almost as if the large powers in Europe wanted a war at that time to keep each other in check, and they found an excuse to have it. Causes of the Crimean War In the early decades of the 19th century, Russia had grown into a mighty military power. By 1850 Russia appeared to be intent on spreading its influence southward. Britain was concerned that Russia would expand to the point where it held power over the Mediterranean. The French emperor Napoleon III, in the early 1850s, had forced the Ottoman Empire to recognize France as a sovereign authority in the Holy Land. The Russian tsar objected and began his own diplomatic maneuvering. The Russians claimed to be protecting the religious freedom of Christians in Holy Land. War Declared By Britain and France Somehow the obscure diplomatic wrangling led to open hostilities, and Britain and France declared war against Russia on March 28, 1854. The Russians appeared willing, at first, to avoid war. But demands put forth by Britain and France were not met, and a larger conflict seemed unavoidable. The Invasion of the Crimea In September 1854 the allies struck the the Crimea, a peninsula in the present day Ukraine. The Russians had a large naval base at Sevastopol, on the Black Sea, which was the ultimate target of the invasion force. The British and French troops, after landing at Calamita Bay, began marching southward toward Sevastopol, which was approximately 30 miles away. The allied armies, with about 60,000 troops, encountered a Russian force at the River Alma and a battle ensued. The British commander, Lord Raglan, who had not been in combat since losing an arm at Waterloo nearly 30 years earlier, had considerable trouble coordinating his attacks with his French allies. Despite these problems, which would become common throughout the war, the British and French routed the Russian army, which fled. The Russians regrouped at Sevastopol. The British, bypassing that major base, attacked the town of Balaclava, which had a harbor that could be used as a supply base. Ammunition and siege weapons began to be unloaded, and the allies prepared for an eventual attack on Sevastopol. The British and French began an artillery bombardment of Sevastopol on October 17, 1854. The time-honored tactic did not seem to have much effect. On October 25, 1854, the Russian commander, Prince Aleksandr Menshikov, ordered an attack on the allied lines. The Russians attacked a weak position and stood a good chance of reaching the town of Balaclava until they were repulsed heroically by Scottish Highlanders. Charge of the Light Brigade As the Russians were fighting the Highlanders, another Russian unit began removing British guns from an abandoned position. Lord Raglan ordered his light cavalry to prevent that action, but his orders got confused and the legendary Charge of the Light Brigade was launched against the wrong Russian position. The 650 men of the regiment raced into certain death, and at least 100 men were killed in the first minutes of the charge. The battle ended with the British having lost a lot of ground, but with the standoff still in place. Ten days later the Russians attacked again. In what was known as the Battle of the Inkermann, the armies fought in very wet and foggy weather. That day ended with high casualties on the Russian side, but again the fighting was indecisive. The Siege Continued As the winter weather approached and conditions deteriorated, the fighting came to a virtual halt with the siege of Sevastopol still in place. During the winter of 1854-55 the war became an ordeal of disease and malnutrition. Thousands of troops died of exposure and contagious illnesses spread through the camps. Four times as many troops died of illness than combat wounds. In late 1854 Florence Nightingale arrived in Constantinople and began treating British troops in hospitals. She was shocked by the appalling conditions she encountered. The armies stayed in trenches throughout the spring of 1855, and assaults on Sevastopol were finally planned for June 1855. Attacks on fortresses protecting the city were launched and repulsed on June 15, 1855, thanks largely to incompetence by the British and French attackers. The British commander, Lord Raglan, had taken ill and died on June 28, 1855. Another attack on Sevastopol was launched in September 1855, and the city finally fell to the British and French. At that point the Crimean War was essentially over, though some scattered fighting went on until February 1856. Peace was finally declared in late March 1856. Consequences of the Crimean War While the British and French did eventually capture their objective, the war itself could not be considered a great success. It was marked by incompetence and what was widely perceived as needless loss of life. The Crimean War did check the Russian expansionist tendencies. But Russia itself was not really defeated, as the Russian homeland was not attacked.

Learn About the Crimean War

Learn About the Crimean War The Crimean War is perhaps remembered mostly for the â€Å"Charge of the Light Brigade,† a poem written about a disastrous episode when British cavalry valiantly attacked the wrong objective in a battle. The war was also significant for the pioneering nursing of Florence Nightingale, the reporting of a man considered the first war correspondent, and the first use of photography in a war. The war itself, however, arose from muddled circumstances. The conflict between superpowers of the day was fought between allies Britain and France against Russia and its Turkish ally. The result of the war did not make enormous changes in Europe. Although rooted in longstanding rivalries, the Crimean War erupted over what was obviously a pretext involving religion of populations in the Holy Land. It was almost as if the large powers in Europe wanted a war at that time to keep each other in check, and they found an excuse to have it. Causes of the Crimean War In the early decades of the 19th century, Russia had grown into a mighty military power. By 1850 Russia appeared to be intent on spreading its influence southward. Britain was concerned that Russia would expand to the point where it held power over the Mediterranean. The French emperor Napoleon III, in the early 1850s, had forced the Ottoman Empire to recognize France as a sovereign authority in the Holy Land. The Russian tsar objected and began his own diplomatic maneuvering. The Russians claimed to be protecting the religious freedom of Christians in Holy Land. War Declared By Britain and France Somehow the obscure diplomatic wrangling led to open hostilities, and Britain and France declared war against Russia on March 28, 1854. The Russians appeared willing, at first, to avoid war. But demands put forth by Britain and France were not met, and a larger conflict seemed unavoidable. The Invasion of the Crimea In September 1854 the allies struck the the Crimea, a peninsula in the present day Ukraine. The Russians had a large naval base at Sevastopol, on the Black Sea, which was the ultimate target of the invasion force. The British and French troops, after landing at Calamita Bay, began marching southward toward Sevastopol, which was approximately 30 miles away. The allied armies, with about 60,000 troops, encountered a Russian force at the River Alma and a battle ensued. The British commander, Lord Raglan, who had not been in combat since losing an arm at Waterloo nearly 30 years earlier, had considerable trouble coordinating his attacks with his French allies. Despite these problems, which would become common throughout the war, the British and French routed the Russian army, which fled. The Russians regrouped at Sevastopol. The British, bypassing that major base, attacked the town of Balaclava, which had a harbor that could be used as a supply base. Ammunition and siege weapons began to be unloaded, and the allies prepared for an eventual attack on Sevastopol. The British and French began an artillery bombardment of Sevastopol on October 17, 1854. The time-honored tactic did not seem to have much effect. On October 25, 1854, the Russian commander, Prince Aleksandr Menshikov, ordered an attack on the allied lines. The Russians attacked a weak position and stood a good chance of reaching the town of Balaclava until they were repulsed heroically by Scottish Highlanders. Charge of the Light Brigade As the Russians were fighting the Highlanders, another Russian unit began removing British guns from an abandoned position. Lord Raglan ordered his light cavalry to prevent that action, but his orders got confused and the legendary Charge of the Light Brigade was launched against the wrong Russian position. The 650 men of the regiment raced into certain death, and at least 100 men were killed in the first minutes of the charge. The battle ended with the British having lost a lot of ground, but with the standoff still in place. Ten days later the Russians attacked again. In what was known as the Battle of the Inkermann, the armies fought in very wet and foggy weather. That day ended with high casualties on the Russian side, but again the fighting was indecisive. The Siege Continued As the winter weather approached and conditions deteriorated, the fighting came to a virtual halt with the siege of Sevastopol still in place. During the winter of 1854-55 the war became an ordeal of disease and malnutrition. Thousands of troops died of exposure and contagious illnesses spread through the camps. Four times as many troops died of illness than combat wounds. In late 1854 Florence Nightingale arrived in Constantinople and began treating British troops in hospitals. She was shocked by the appalling conditions she encountered. The armies stayed in trenches throughout the spring of 1855, and assaults on Sevastopol were finally planned for June 1855. Attacks on fortresses protecting the city were launched and repulsed on June 15, 1855, thanks largely to incompetence by the British and French attackers. The British commander, Lord Raglan, had taken ill and died on June 28, 1855. Another attack on Sevastopol was launched in September 1855, and the city finally fell to the British and French. At that point the Crimean War was essentially over, though some scattered fighting went on until February 1856. Peace was finally declared in late March 1856. Consequences of the Crimean War While the British and French did eventually capture their objective, the war itself could not be considered a great success. It was marked by incompetence and what was widely perceived as needless loss of life. The Crimean War did check the Russian expansionist tendencies. But Russia itself was not really defeated, as the Russian homeland was not attacked.